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| Accessing information, improving governance, blostering development | | NATIONAL BROADCASTING DAY: JULY 23 | | Dr. Parveen Kumar
With broader benefits to the society, broadcasting is a major tool to fill the communication gap, and to enable the largely excluded and inaccessible groups; access basic information that can help them to improve their situations and to articulate their concerns. Broadcasting helps attract the attention they need to address them ultimately leading to an inclusive development where the person standing in the last of queue is benefitted. A World Bank working paper recognized that broadcasting has an important role to play in development, as a widespread tool of information transfer, as a method to improve governance, as an important economic sector in its own right and as a potential access point to new information and communications technologies. The term ‘broadcasting’ owes its origin to the agriculture practice of sowing the seeds in the fields by casting them broadly. The term was later used for describing the widespread distribution of information by printed materials or by telegraph. ‘Broadcasting’ thus refers to the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum, in a one-to-many model.
BROADCASTING: Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before this, all forms of electronic communication (early radio, telephone, and telegraph) were one to one, with the message intended for a single recipient. Over the air broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television, though more recently, both radio and television transmissions have begun to be distributed by cable (cable television). The receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset, the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment (e.g., a radio or television set) can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed services such as public radio, community radio and public television, and private commercial radio and commercial television. The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, title 47, part 97 defines ‘broadcasting’ as ‘transmissions intended for reception by the general public, either direct or relayed’. Private or two-way telecommunications transmissions do not qualify under this definition. Transmission of radio and television programs from a radio or television station to home receivers by radio waves is referred to as ‘over the air’ (OTA) or terrestrial broadcasting and in most countries requires a broadcasting license. Transmissions using a wire or cable, like cable television (which also retransmits OTA stations with their consent), are also considered broadcasts but do not necessarily require a license (though in some countries, a license is required). In the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via streaming digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well.
HISTORY OF BROADCASTING: It is generally recognized that the first radio transmission was made from a temporary station set up by Guglielmo Marconi in 1895 on the Isle of Wight. This followed on from pioneering work in the field by a number of people including Alessandro Volta, André-Marie Ampere, Georg Ohm and James Clerk Maxwell. Argentina was a world pioneer in broadcasting, being the third country in the world to make its first regular broadcasts in 1920, having been the first Spanish-speaking country in Latin America to offer daily radio broadcasts. The main stations were in Buenos Aires and Córdoba. Among the historical facts related to Argentine radio, it can be mentioned that the first radio broadcast was made with the live broadcast of Richard Wagner’s opera Parsifal from the Teatro Coliseo in Buenos Aires, on August 27, 1920, in charge of the Radio Argentina Society of Enrique Susini, César Guerrico, Miguel Mugica, Luis Romero and Ignacio Gómez, who installed a transmitting device on the roof of the building, for which they are remembered as ‘The crazy people on the roof’.
NATIONAL BROADCASTING DAY: Broadcasting in India actually began about 13 years before All India Radio (AIR) came into existence. In June 1923 the Radio Club of Bombay made the first ever broadcast in the country. This was followed by the setting up of the Calcutta Radio Club five months later. July 23 is celebrated as National Broadcasting Day all over India. It was on this day in 1927 that the first-ever radio broadcast in the country went on the air from the Bombay Station under the Indian Broadcasting Company. Broadcasting in India actually began about 13 years before AIR came into existence. In June 1923 the Radio Club of Bombay made the first ever broadcast in the country. This was followed by the setting up of the Calcutta Radio Club five months later. On 8th of June, 1936, the Indian State Broadcasting Service became All India Radio. Currently, AIR is one of the largest public broadcasting organizations in the world.
HISTORYOF BROADCASTING IN INDIA: The very first radio broadcast in India was made by Gian chand Motwane from Bombay in 1920. This low powered station was on the air for just one day under the call sign 2KC. If we talk of the organized broadcast, the first radio broadcast was made on July 23, 1927, from Bombay Station. The station was then owned by a private company called the Indian Broadcasting Company. The Government took over the broadcasting on April 1, 1930, and renamed it as Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS). It was initially on an experimental basis. Later it permanently came under government control in 1932. On 8th of June, 1936, the Indian State Broadcasting Service became All India Radio. Currently, AIR is one of the largest public broadcasting organizations in the world.
AGRICULTURE RELATED BROADCAST IN INDIA: As India is an agrarian country, therefore agriculture related broadcast are crucial for providing timely information to the vast majority of farming population in the country. Krishi Darshan (English: Agriculture Vision) an agriculture related programme has been broadcasted in the country on DD National since 1967.
It was first premiered on 26 January 1967 and is the longest running television series in India, initially launched for duration of 20 minutes. Similarly DD Kisan is an also an agriculture related 24-hour television channel, which is owned by Doordarshan and was launched on 26 May 2015. The channel is dedicated to agriculture and related sectors which disseminate real-time inputs to farmers on new farming techniques, water conservation and organic farming and other related information. Kisan Vani which is also a special agricultural programme on All India Radio and also a part of the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare’s initiative of Mass media support to Agriculture Extension has been in operation since 2004. Much has changed since 1967 when the first agriculture related programme ‘Krishi Darshan’ was aired in the country. There is no longer a one size fits all programme. Many regional and local versions are now being broadcasted by 180 transmitters of Doordarshan, five days a week, with five transmitters, on an average, sharing the same programme. Attempts have been made to enliven it by taking it out of the studio and into the fields. The respective state governments, NGOs, Universities and research institutes are also broadcasting various farm related programmes in local dialects all catering to the diverse information needs of the farming community across the country. |
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