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| Face Book of Jammu & Kashmir State | | | Mahadeep Singh Jamwal | 7/16/2016 11:01:00 PM |
| The majority lacks pervasive knowledge of Jammu and Kashmir State, its origin and matters of great significance, a State having special status in all the States of the Indian Union. The Jammu and Kashmir State comprised of three distinct Divisions, culturally and geo-graphically divergent in nature. The State of J&K occupied an exceedingly important position in the political geography of undivided India. It was bounded on North by Chinese and the Russian Turkistan, and on the East by Tibet, while on the South and West of it, lay Punjab and North West Frontiers of India. The Jammu region has 26,293 km2; Kashmir has 15,948 km2 and Ladakh 59,146 km2 area. This excludes 78,114 km2 under the administration of Pakistan (POK), 5,180 km2 handed over by Pakistan to China and 37,555 km2 under the administration of China in Ladakh district. The population of the State as per 2011 Census is 01, 25, 48,926 of which, male are 66, 65,561 and female 58, 83,365. The rural population comprises of 91, 34,820 and Urban 34, 14,106. The literacy rate has risen to 65.57 %, wherein male literacy is 75.30% and female literacy is 57.11%. The Jammu and Kashmir ranked at serial number 30, in the order of literacy rate, among the States and Union territories of India.
The Jammu region is not homogenous. It can be broadly divided into three regions in consideration of terrain conditions and geo-climatic environment. The southern is the outer plains zone comprising of lands in Jammu and Kathua districts, which merges into the plains of Punjab. Its north and North - east raises, the outer hills zone Basohli, Reasi, Udhampur and better part of Rajouri district fall in this zone, outer Hill Zone attaining heights of 2000 to 4000 ft. above Sea level.
The middle Himalayas comprising valley such as Kishtwar, Bhaderwah, Poonch and higher parts of Rajouri District. The average height of this zone, range from 8000 to 10,000ft.
Beyond and above the Middle Himalayas lies the Pir Panjal Range, which separates Jammu region from the Kasmir Valley. In the extreme North-East rises the Great Himalayan Range itself, a natural barrier between the Kishtwar region of Jammu and the Suru-Zanskar area of the Ladakh region.
The State of Jammu and Kashmir was earlier under the rule of Hindus and Muslims. It came under the rule of Mughals under Emperor Akbar. After the period of Afghan rule from 1756, it was annexed to the Sikh Kingdom of the Punjab in 1819. On 16th March 1846, the Jammu and Kashmir came into being as a single political and geographical entity following 'Treaty of Amritsar', between the British Government and Raja Jammu Gulab Singh. The 'Treaty of Amritsar' (treaty of sale) was concluded on the part of British Government by Frederic Curie, Esq. and Brevet-Major Henry Montgomery Lawrence, acting under the orders of the Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Harding, GCB, one of her Britannic Majesty's most Honorable Privy Council, Governor General of the possessions of the East India Company, to direct and control all the affairs in the East Indies and by Maharaja Gulab Singh in person. The British under this treaty sold Kashmir to the Raja of Jammu for 7.5 million rupees (75 lakhs). This 'Treaty of Amritsar' was outcome of earlier treaty known as 'Treaty of Lahore', which was a peace treaty marking end of First Anglo-Sikh War and was concluded for the British, by the Governor General Sir Henry Harding and two other officers of East India Company and, for the Sikhs, by the seven year old Maharaja Duleep Singh Bahadur and seven members of the Durbar, acting on his behalf. The terms of the treaty were punitive. Sikh territory was reduced to a fraction of its former size, losing Jammu, Kashmir, Hazara, the territory to the south of the river Sutlej and the forts and territory in the Jullundur Doaba, between the rivers Sutlej and Beas to British. It was of this territory, which was sold to Maharaja Gulab Singh by the British. The Kashmir became part of Jammu princely State and under the impact of this treaty, 'Jammu and Kashmir Princely State' originated. Purchaser of Kashmir, Raja Jammu Gulab Singh was entitled as Maharaja of 'Jammu and Kashmir princely State', since then; the State remained under the Dogra Rule, till the time India gained independence.
The Jammu at a glance: The excavation near Akhnoor, 32 kilometers from Jammu city, provides evidence that Jammu was once part of the Harappa civilization. The history also speaks of its control under Maurya, Kushan, Kushanshahs and Gupta, as remains of this period also stand located. The Shah Dynasty ruled from 670 CE to the early 11th century, when Shah was destroyed by the Ghaznavis. The area witnessed changes of control following invasions by Mughals and Sikhs, before finally falling under the control of the British. The 'Dev' Dynasty Ruled Jammu for about 984 years from 840 CE to 1816 CE. Raja Ajit Singh was the Ruler of Jammu from 1797 until 1816. From 1816 until 1820, there was no Ruler of Jammu, as it was under direct Rule of Sikh Rulers. In 1820 under a treaty, Sikh Ruler Ranjit Singh offered Jammu as Jagir to Kishore Singh and his sons and titled Kishore Singh as Raja to Rule Jammu. Raja Kishore Singh was in next generation of Surat Singh, the real brother of Raja Ranjit Dev, who Ruled Jammu from 1733 until 1780. The successors of Raja Kishore Singh ruled Jammu until 1846 and thereafter as Rulers of Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, till the time India gained independence. The city of Jammu believed to be founded by Jambu Lochan, the brother of Bahu Lochan, a powerful chieftain who ruled Jammu during the ninth century. At present Jammu division has ten District, namely 1 Jammu 2 Samba 3 Kathua 4 Rajouri 5 Poonch 6 Udhampur 7 Reasi 8 Ramban 9 Doda 10 Kishtwar. The languages mostly spoken are Hindi, Dogri, Punjabi, Pahari, Kashmiri and Gojri. The Dogri spoken in the area adjacent to HP such as Basohli have tinge of Himachali also.
The Kashmir at a glance: From medieval times, Kashmir has been an important centre for the development of Buddist-Hinduist syncretism. In the first half millennium, the Kashmir region became an important centre of Hinduism and of Buddhism. Later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah Mir became the first Muslim Ruler of Kashmir. He founded Shah Miri Dynasty and ruled from 1339 until 1342. Some incredible stories about him goes as that, he came from Swat, others speaks of his descendency from Arjuna, whose ancestors had taken up Islam. It is believed that Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313, during the reign of Suha Dev (1301 to 1320), whose services he entered. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability became prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. After the death of Udayana Dev brother of Suha Dev in 1338, Shah Mir assumed the Kingship himself. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarch ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals from 1526 until 1747, and the Afghans from 1747 until 1819, when the Kashmir Valley passed to the Sikh Empire under Ranjit Singh, from the four centuries of Muslim Rule. The Kashmir was annexed by British in 1846, after the Sikh defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War, and upon the purchase of the region from the British, under the 'Treaty of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, became the new ruler of Kashmir. The rule of his descendants, under the paramount of the British Crown, lasted until 1947.
The Kashmir valley is located between the Karakoram and the Pir Panjal Range with Karakoram Range in the north, Pir Panjal in the south and west and Zanskar Range in the east. The Kashmir Valley borders Jammu Division to the south and Ladakh to the east while Line of Control forms its Northern and the southern border. The Rajatarangini, a history of Kashmir written by Kalhana in the 12th century, speaks that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake, drained out by the great sage, 'Kashyapa, son of Marichi, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla. At present Kashmir division has ten districts. 1 Anantnag 2 Baramulla 3 Budgam 4 Bandipur 5 Ganderbal 6 Kupwara 7 Kulgam 8 Pulwama 9 Shopian 10 Srinagar. The languages mostly spoken are Kashmiri, Pahari, Urdu and Hindi.
The Ladakhat a glance: For nearly 900 years, from the middle of the 10th century, Ladakh was an independent Kingdom, its Ruling Dynasties descending from the Kings of old Tibet. The Kingdom attained its greatest geographical extent and glory in the 17th century under the famous King Singge Namgyal. For centuries it was traversed by caravans carrying textiles, spices, raw silk, carpets, dyestuffs, narcotics etc. It was the lucrative trade in this region which attracted covetous attention of Gulab Singh, the Ruler of Jammu in the 19th century and he deputed his General Zorawar Singh to invade Ladakh in 1834 AD. There followed a decade of war and turmoil, which ended with the emergence of the British, as the paramount Power in North India. Ladakh together with neighboring province of Baltistan was incorporated into the newly created state of Jammu & Kashmir. Just over a century later, this union was disturbed by the partition of India, as a result of which Baltistan became part of Pakistan, while Ladakh remained in India as part of the Jammu & Kashmir state. Ladakh is a land abounding in awesome physical features. It is bounded by Karakoram Range in the North and the great Himalayas in the south. It is traversed by two other parallel chains, the Ladakh Range and the Zanskar Range. The Ladakh was once covered by an extensive lake system. The Ladakh region has two districts 1 Leh 2 Kargil. The languages mostly spoken are Ladakhi including Balti/Purgi, Shina or Dardic, Urdu/Hindi
The analysis of the geography of all the three regions can well be concluded as a fusion of three diametrically Un-parallel topographies. All three regions at one time were under the Rule of different Rulers of different religions, caste and politics. On 16th March 1846, the union of all these three regions came into being as a single political and geographical entity as 'Jammu and Kashmir Princely State' The Rulers of this Princely State titled as Maharaja, after its emergence till independence are; 1 Gulab Singh - 1846-1857 2 Ranbir Singh - 1857-1885 3 Partap Singh - 1885-1925 4 Hari Singh - 1925-1948 5 Karan Singh (Prince Regent) - 1948-1952 with Prme Ministers of the Princely State as: 1 Raja Hari Singh 1925-1927 2 Sir Albion Raj Kumar Bannerjee 1927-1929 3 G.E.C. Wake field 1929-1931 4 Elliot James Dowell Colvin 1933-1936 5 Sir Bajor J. Dalal 1936 6 Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar 1936-1943 7 Kailas Narain Haksar 1943-1944 8 Sir Benegal Narsing Rau 1944-1945 9 Ram Chandra Kak 1945-1947 11 Janak Singh Katoch 11th August 1947- 15th October 1947.
When the Constitution of Independent India was adopted on 26 January 1950, a provision was kept for the Princely Ruled states as to join one of the new Dominions of India or Pakistan. The Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir with the intentions of remaining independent approached both the Dominions for a 'Standstill Agreement', which was accepted by the Pakistan Government and the Dominion of India desired further discussions. This find mention in the letter of Maharaja Hari Singh, of 26th day of October, 1947, as an additional note to the letter of Accession, offer addressed to Lord Mountbatten, Governor-General of India. However in spite of having 'Standstill Agreement' with Pakistan Government, on 6 October 1947, Pakistan Muslim tribes supported by the Government of Pakistan, attacked Jammu and Kashmir on the behest of Pakistan. To save the state Maharaja Hari Singh, signed 'Instrument of Accession' to India, so that India could help in defending the state.
Events which culminated into Accession treaty and appointment of Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah as Prime Minister are;
0n 14th of July 1931, a massive demonstration was held outside the main prison of the city at Srinagar by the people of the Princely State against autocratic Rule in the State. The demonstrators were fired upon by the troops of the Maharaja, resulting in the death of dozens of demonstration. This resulted in a huge public upheaval in Kashmir. As a result of 1931 agitation, the Maharaja appointed 'Grievance Commission' with an Englishman B.J Glancy as President, which submitted its report in March 1932.
The first political party 'Kashmir Muslim Conference' was formed on 16 October, 1932, with Sheikh Abdullah as President. In his Presidential address Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah categorically stated, that "the Muslim Conference had come into existence to struggle for the rights of all oppressed sections of the society and not Muslims alone, it will struggle for the rights of the oppressed, whether Hindu, Muslim or Sikh, with the same fervor".
In March 1933, the Muslim Conference, constituted committee which included Mohd. Abdullah and nine other members for the purpose of establishing contacts with Non-Muslim parties for exploring possibilities of forming a joint organization, which yielded no results. Subsequently a 'Constitutional Reforms' conference also presided over by B.J.Glancy, recommending the setting up of an elected legislative Assembly ( Praja Sabha ). And as a 'Praja Sabha' with 33 elected members and 42 nominated members from both Hindus and Muslims was established in 1934. Even after formation of the 'Praja Sabha' in 1934, the real powers continued to remain in the hands of the Maharaja.
The first legislature of the Kingdom, that is now the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir, was established by the government of the Maharaja Hari Singh in 1934. It was considered as un-democratic and un-representative in character by the majority of the population, owing to the restrictions on the participation of political parties.
On 24 June 1938, resolution to change 'Muslim Conference' to 'National Conference' was introduced in a special session of the Muslim Conference. 172 members out of total 176 members attending the session voted in favor of change of the 'Muslim Conference' to 'National Conference' which was adopted on 11 June 1939, by the general council of 'Muslim Conference'. Meanwhile a 'National Demands charter' was drafted by Sheikh Abdullah along with his liberal friends, many of whom were not Muslim like Kashyap Bandhu, Jia Lal Kilam, Pandit Sudama Sidha, Prem Nath Bazaz and Sardar Budh Singh and named this National Demand Draft as 'Naya Kashmir'.
On 28 August 1938, in a speech Sheikh Abdullah, leader of 'National Conference' submitted 'Naya Kashmir' charter of demands to ruler of the state Maharaja Hari Singh. It was the outline of a plan to convert the Jammu and Kashmir State from an absolute Monarchy to a Constitutional Democracy, with the Maharaja, remaining as the Head of the state. This 'Naya Kashmir' document was adopted as Manifesto of the National Conference in due course. The Maharaja not willing to accept these demands imposed prohibitory orders. Sheiks Abdullah along with many of his companions were arrested for defying prohibitory orders and sentenced to six months imprisonment and a fine. This provoked a public agitation. The agitation was called off on the appeal of M.K. Gandhi and Sheikh was released after serving his sentence on 24 February 1939.
In May 1946 Sheikh Abdullah launched the 'Quit Kashmir' agitation against the Maharaja Hari Singh. Sheikh Abdullah was arrested and sentenced to three years imprisonment but was released on 29 September 1947 on political compulsions. A grand reception was accorded to him by the public on his release. This also established Sheikh Abdullah as popular leader across the entire state.
With regard to the prevailing scenario because of partition of the country, the Maharaja, while requesting for Accession also gave his mind of formation of an 'Emergency Administration'. The 'Accession 'was accepted on 27th day of October 1947 and Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as Head of the 'Emergency Administration' and he took over the same on 30 October 1947.
On 5th March 1948, Maharaja Hari Singh by a proclamation replaced Emergency Administration headed by Sheikh Abdullah by a popular Interim Government with Council of Ministers consisting of Prime Minister and other Ministers to be appointed on the advice of PM and by a royal warrant appointed Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah as Prime Minister. This proclamation also set the procedure of framing Constitution by the National Assembly. Sheikh Abdullah took over as Prime Minster of Jammu and Kashmir on 5 March 1948. He was dismissed as Prime Minister by the then 'Sadr-i-Riyasat' (Constitutional Head of State) and was immediately arrested along with Mirza Afzal Beg and 22 others in 1953 and later jailed being accused of conspiracy against the state in the infamous 'Kashmir Conspiracy Case'. The case was framed in 1958, for which trial began in 1959 and was withdrawn in 1964 as a diplomatic decision
On 9th June 1949, Maharaja Hari Singh on health grounds empowered Yuvraj Karan Singh to exercise all the powers held by Maharaja in his absence and left Jammu and Kashmir State to stay in Bombay and never looked back. Born on September 23, 1895 at Jammu, died aged 65 years on April 26, 1961 at Bombay (now Mumbai), Maharashtra. Seventeen years later in 1951, the government of Jammu and Kashmir with Sheikh Abdullah as Prime Minister held elections to a constituent Assembly, on the basis of adult suffrage. After accession, the role of Maharaja was restricted to that of a Head of State. The free democratic elections held for the first time in the state, National Conference (NC) won majority of seats in a new Constitution Assembly and Sheikh Abdullah became head of the government.
In 1957, a new Constitution was adopted by the constituent assembly, which established a bicameral legislature. The Constitution of J&K, which was signed by Dr. Karan into Law in 1957, is still in force. The Preamble of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution speaks : We, the people of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, having solemnly resolved, in pursuance of the accession of this state to India which took place on the twenty sixth day of October,1947, to further define the existing relationship of the state with the Union of India as an integral part thereof, and to ourselves Justice, Social, Economic and political; Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; Equality of status and of opportunity; and to promote among us; Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the Nation; In our Constitution Assembly this seventeenth day of November, 1956 do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution : The highlights of the Constitution are;
" Article 3 in part 2 of the J&K Constitution provides that 'The State of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India.
" Article 5 of the part 2 provides that Government of India can make Laws for Jammu and Kashmir includes Defence sector, Foreign Affairs, inance and Communication. For laws on all other matters Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly can do so.
" Article 48 of part VI of defines Pakistan Administered Kashmir as: Pakistan Occupied Territory. It also a state that in addition to existing 87 seats in J&K State Assembly, by virtue of this Article also recognizes 24 seats from Pakistan administered Kashmir and these seats will remain vacant till Pakistan ceases the occupation of Kashmir. " Article 147 of part 12 is about amendment which states that: "No bill shall be introduced or moved in State Legislature Assembly to amend or change Article 3 and 5".
Certain special rights have been granted to the permanent residents of J&K with regard to employment under the state, acquiring of immovable property in the state, settlement in the state, and scholarship and other forms of aid as the state Government may provide. The provisions of state constitution (except those relating to the relationship of the state with the union) may be amended by an act of the Legislative Assembly of the state passed by not two-thirds of its membership. If such amendment seeks to affect Governor or Election Commissioner, it needs President's assent to come into effect. No amendment of the constitution of India shall extend to J&K unless so extended by an order of the President under Article 370(1).
When India became independent, Sh.Hari Singh was the Maharaja from 20 June 1949, his son Sh. Karan Singh acted as regent From 17 November 1952 to 30 March 1965, Sh.Karan Singh was the Head of the State styled as Sadar-e-Riyasat. The expressions 'Sadar-i-Riyasat' and 'Prime Minister were replaced, with the term Governor and Chief Minister respectively, by a constitutional amendment on 30th March, 1965.
The Prime Ministers of J&K from 1947 until amendment of the constitution on 30-03-1965 are; Mehr Chand Mahajan of INC - 15 October 1947 - 5 March 1948. Sheikh Mouammad Abdullah of NC - 5 March 1948 - 9 August 1953. Bakshi Gulam Mohammad of NC - 9 August 1953 - 12 October 1963. Khwaja Shamsuddin of NC - 12 October 1963 - 29 February 1964. Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq of INC - 29 February 1964 - 30 March 1965.
The Chief Ministers so for: Gulam Mohammad Sadiq - 30 March 1965 - 12 Decenber1971. Syed Mir Qasim - 12 Decenber 1971 - 25 February 1975. Sheikh Mohammad Abdulla - 25 February 1975 - 26 March 1977. Sheikh Mohammad Abdulla - 9 July 1977 - 8 September 1982. Farooq Abdulla - 8 September 1982 - 2 July 1984. Gulam Mohammd Shah - 2 July 1984 - 6 March 1986. Farooq Abdullah - 7 November 1986 - 19 January 1990. Farooq Abdullah - 9 October 1996 - 18 October 2002. Mufti Mohammad Syed - 2 November 2002 - 2 November 2006. Gulam Nabi Azad - 2 November 2006 - 11 July 2008. Omar Abdulla - 8 January 2009 - 8 January 2015. Mufti Mohammad Syed - 1st March 2015 - January 7, 2016 and Madame Mehbooba Mufti from April 4, 2016 continuing.
The stint of Governor Rule: 1.26th March to 9th July 1977. 2. 6th March to 7th November 1986. 3. 19th November 1990 to 9th October 1996. 4. 13th October 2002 to 2nd November 2002. 5. 11th July 2008 to 5th January 2009. 6. 8th January 2015 to 1st March 2015.7. January 7, 2016 to April 4, 2016. The Governors of the Jammu and Kashmir state so for are; S/Sh. Karan Singh - 30/3/1965-15/5/1967. Bhagwan Sahay - 15/3/67 - 3/7/1973. Lakshmi Kant Jha - 3/7/73 - 22/2/81. Braj Kumar Nehru - 22/2/81 - 26/4/86. Jagmohan - 26/4/84-7/89. K.V.Krishna Rao - 7/89 - 19/1/90. Jagmohan - 19/1/90 - 26/5/90. Girish Chandra Saxena - 26/5/90 - 12/3/93. K.V.Krishna Rao - 12/3/93 - 2/5/98. Girish Chandra Saxena - 2/5/98 - 4/6/2003. S.K.Sinha - 4/6/2003 - 25/1/2008. Narinder Nath Vohra - 25/1/2008 Incumbent.
The size and shape of the Parliament and assemblies are determined, according to the section 4 of the 'Representation of the Peoples Act' 1950, by an independent Delimitation Commission. Under a constitutional amendment of 1976, Delimitation was suspended until after the census of 2001. However certain amendments to the constitution made in 2001 and 2003 has put a freeze on the total number of existing seats as allocated to various states in the house of people and the legislative assemblies on the basis of 1971, till the first census to be taken after the year 2026, have maintained the seats of Parliament and legislative assemblies of the states. The Jammu and Kashmir have as such six seats of parliament and 87 seats of State Legislative assembly.
The Six parliamentary seats are: 1.Baramula comprising of 15 Legislative seats. 2. Srinagar 16 Legislative seats. 3.Anantnag 15 Legislative seats. 4. Ladakh 4 Legislative seats. 5.Udhampur 16 Legislative seats 6. Jammu comprising of 21 Legislative seats.
The State Assembly has its tenure of six years. The Kashmir valley region has 46 seats, the Jammu region has 37 seats and the Ladakh region has 4 seats. There is provision of nomination of two women as members by the Governor, if he is of the opinion that women are not adequately represented.
The mysticism and spirituality of The Jammu and Kashmir State is beyond words. It has been the land of Sufis and Saints. It also represents the perfect picture of religious tolerance, where famous shrines of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and Christians exist in perfect harmony. The most revered religious places spread over the entire State are:-
Raghunath Temple, Baweywali Mata Temple,. Aap Shambu Temple, Ranbireshwar Temple Mahamaya Temple, Peer Kho Cave Temple, Purmandal Temple, Shiv Khori, Vaishno Devi Temple, Sudhmahadev Shiv Temple, Machail Mata Temple, Krimchi Temples in Udhampur Avantiswami temple in Gulmarg, Martand Sun Temple in Anantnag,Gauri und near Sudhmahadev,Sharika Chakreshwar Temple in Hari Parvat, Khir Bhavani, Amarnath Temple in Anatnag, Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, Shardapeeth in Baramula, Wangath Temple complex in Ganderbal, Peer Baba Dargah in Jammu, , Idgah in Jammu, Ziarat Sain Ilahi Baksh Sahib in Poonch, Shahdra Sharief in Rajouri, Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, Makhdoom Sahib in Srinagar, Dastgir Sahib in Srinagar,Baba Reshi in Baramula, Pathar Masjid in Srinagar , Charar-e-Sharif in Yousmarg, Khanqah Mosque in Srinagar, Jama Masjid in Leh, Dera Baba Banda in Reasi, Gurdwara Nanak Dev in Jammu, Gurdwara Maharani Chand Kaur in Jammu, Gurdwara Tapoo Ashthan Baba Sunder Singh I in Akhnoor.Gurdwara Chatti Patshahi Sahib at Srinagar, Gurdwara Manji Sahib in Srinagar, Gurdwara Shri Mattan Sahib in Anantnag, Gurdwara Shri Chhevin Patshahi in Baramula, Gurdwara Pathar Sahib in Leh, Lamayuru Monastery Thiksey Manastery, Pyong Manastrey, Spituk Manastrey, Diskit Manastery and Shanti Stupa in Leh, Phutkal Manastery, Hemis Gompa in Ladakh in Leh, St. May's Church in Gulmarg, Catholic Church in Leh, Protestant Church in Jammu, St, Mary's Cathedral in Jammu, and so many other temples, Mosques, Gurdwaras and Churches. |
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